Grand Isle:
Literally “great island,” is the biggest of the so-called barrier islands in
the Gulf of Mexico, some three hours by car from New Orleans. The island mostly
subsists on tourists, who come here to fish (there is a small marina), to camp
out in the state park and watch pelicans and possibly dolphins, or attend some
festival or other. Therefore it may be hard to find information on the Internet
about the oil refinery also located on the island. There are also myriad
private vacation homes, propped up on stilts several feet high. As a barrier
island, Grand Isle basically serves the purpose of taking the brunt of
hurricanes and absorbing them. According to Wikipedia, the island suffers a
hurricane every 2.68 years, and receives direct hits every 7.88 years. When I last
visited Grand Isle, in 2009, the effects of Katrina and Rita (both 2005) were
all too visible: Many businesses and hotels no longer exist, and the
geographical shape of the island was completely changed. It was also much
smaller. Also, an entirely new access road to the island had been built, offering
a view of the changed environment.
Chénière Caminada: The
French word chêne means oak, but
the word chénière does not exist
in France but is a typical Cajun French variation, meaning something along the
lines of “ridge with oak trees growing on them.” Chénière Caminada is another
one of the barrier islands, although technically speaking it’s really a
peninsula. I have unwittingly driven across it many times, for State Road 1
traverses it on the way to Grand Isle. Chénière Caminada was severely affected by
a hurricane in 1893, which Kate Chopin also mentioned. It is located to the west of Grand Isle and is connected to the island by a bridge that is just over
a mile long. For about the last hour on the way to Grand Isle the drive is
through marshes, where water is interspersed with trees and tufts of grass. The
landscape seems static, yet is actually lively—and bizarre.
Piroge: simple wooden dugout barge, preferred by Cajuns. The word came from
Spanish (piragua) via French to
English and German (Pirogue).
Quadroon: from the Spanish word cuarterón, from Latin quartus. Designates a
person with a quarter black ancestry. Accordingly, an octoroon would be someone
with one-eighth black ancestry, usually the offspring of extramarital relationships
between blacks and whites. In New Orleans prior to the 1803 Louisiana Purchase,
quadroons and octoroons were often free. These terms are used only in
historical contexts today.
Griffe: designates a person
with three-quarters black ancestry and a quarter white or Indian ancestry. See
above.
Bayou Brulow: It is not
listed in my atlas of Louisiana, and I have found no mention of it on the
Internet. Maybe, after all those hurricanes, it no longer exists? A bayou is an extremely slow-moving stream or river that flows through marshes
and swamps into a lake, river, or gulf. The term seems to originate from
Choctaw and is only used in Louisiana and adjoining areas. Hence, bayou invokes an exotic, rural, but also backward area, where Cajuns live. In
the seventies, Linda Ronstadt and Paola (for the German version) popularized
the Roy Orbison hit “Blue Bayou.”
Grand Terre: Literally “great land,” a barrier island adjoining Grand Isle to the
northeast. These two islands also delimit the Barataria Bay toward the Gulf of
Mexico. On the island there are ruins of Fort Livingston as well as a marine
laboratory of the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fishery. Today it is
reachable only by boat. In the beginning of the 1800s legendary pirate Jean
Lafitte (along with his brother Pierre) was active on this and other islands,
and many places still bear his name today, including the Jean Lafitte National
Historical Park and Preserve. This is not so much to celebrate pirates
(although they can be fun in movies and cartoons), but because he apparently
helped Andrew Jackson in the Battle of New Orleans (1815) against the British.
All of the islands, naturally, were also affected by the BP oil spill.
Louisianamoos: I have just learned this German word for Spanish moss (tillandsia
usneoides) from the German translation of The Awakening. It grows on trees in the South, in places where it is humid, and it
looks like long beards or witches’ or princesses’ hair blowing in the wind. It
makes landscapes look like fairylands, sometimes even “gothic.” Spanish moss used
to be used for upholstery and packaging, for mulching or for stuffing voodoo
dolls (cf. Wikipedia). Legends abound, and there are stories and songs about it.
It used to be important for the construction of Cajun homes, when it was used
for making bousillage (a mixture of Spanish moss and clay earth) as building material to fill
in the space between wooden posts for walls. The usage of bousillage in Louisiana has been documented since the early 1700s.
Acadian: From the French acadien, today Cajun. Descendants of
French settlers from Acadia (the Canadian provinces Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,
Prince Edward Island), who were deported by the British between 1755 and 1763
and settled for the most part in French-speaking Louisiana, where they were
able to maintain their rural, fishing-based culture. The Cajun language has
seen a revival since the sixties, though Cajun culture (music, dances, food,
Mardi Gras) has stayed alive all along. Today some 5 percent of the population
still speaks French or Cajun French at home.
Creoles: Really the descendants of French or Spanish ancestors born in America,
such as Kate Chopin and her husband. Today the term Creole also designates the descendants of French-speaking blacks who came from
Haiti or other countries in the Caribbean, or were culturally French for other
reasons. Creoles with European roots often repudiate this usage of the term.
Kate
Chopin: Writer (1850-1904) from
St. Louis, Missouri, which was then mostly Creole, but where the German
influence has since come to dominate. In 1870 she married Oscar Chopin and
lived in New Orleans with him, but after his bankruptcy moved to Cloutierville,
Louisiana. She had six children. In 1882 her husband died, and two years later
she moved back to St. Louis, where she took up writing (mostly about Louisiana)
and hosted a literary salon. The Awakening caused an outcry, and Kate Chopin died without reaping her
much-deserved recognition. Her former home
and the museum in Cloutierville burned down a few years ago.
(Thanks to Donna Stonecipher for proofreading.)